Draft 1: Technical Report

 Tittle: Flooding prevention

This proposal has been developed in response to the request for proposals on developing solutions for an engineering problem. Ingenium Pte Ltd is the Concrete expertise company which can resolve the problem based on environment and needs. After much research and discussion, Ingenium Pte Ltd have come up with an idea called Topmix Permeable concrete.

BACKGROUND

Globally, most of the countries in the world experience floods frequently. Below is the statistics showing the top 10 highest annual flood costs by 2050.

According to McDonnell (2013), Guangzhou (China) and Mumbai (India) will be spending much of their money on the annual flood cost. Even though, USA (United States of America), being part of the first world countries, also experience floods where flooding occurs mostly in the states of New York, Miami and New Orleans (USA). Total cost of about $6.3 billion dollars estimated is to be spent on floods by 2050. 

To start off, Ingenium Pte Ltd chooses Topmix Permeable concrete because, USA is one of the first countries that implemented and kickstarted Topmix Permeable concrete. The result was great to the point where the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recommends Topmix Permeable as a means of meeting the best management practices to meet rainwater regulations.

Singapore is one of the developed countries which looks into advancement of concrete design technology to keep up-to-date with cutting edge technology along with the demands, increased urbanization brings.

As Singapore progresses, Singapore is exposed to more challenges. Recently, Singapore faced high rainfall which leads to flooding frequently. The average annual rainfall is about 2,340 mm. The climate of Singapore is characterized by uniform temperature and pressure, high humidity and abundant rainfall. The average temperature is between 25 degrees Celsius and 31 degrees Celsius. Thunderstorms typically occur up to 40% of the day. The relative humidity is in the range of 70%-80%. April is the warmest month, January is the coolest month, and November is the wettest month. 

Figure 1 below shows the annual rainfall in Singapore. It has been increasing steadily from year 1980 to year 2020.

Annual rainfall in Singapore, 1980-2020

Figure 1

For the year 2020, there is a slight change to the rainfall in Singapore. Where usually the high rainfall happens during the month of November to January. In the Figure 2 below, it stated that during the month of April to June, there was high rainfall. To be more specific, flooding occurs at Upper Changi Road and Jurong area in which, according to history, it is not an area with high risk of flooding.

Figure 2

With that, this shows that if we were to not do anything, it will cause Singapore more problems and difficulties in the future. Hence, Ingenium Pte Ltd has to step in to solve the problems. To add on, to prevent flooding from happening again, Singapore can follow the footsteps of the USA (United States of America).

Assignment 2

Summary:

“Singapore Water Story” (2020) from the Public Utilities Board’s (PUB) websites, PUB reports that there is a huge demand of water supply in Singapore. PUB explained that there were 430 million gallons a day, and by 2060, water demand in Singapore could almost double. Hence, water infrastructure like desalination, NEWater plants and Imported Water plan has planned out to meet the demands. Firstly, Imported Water where Singapore has two agreements with Malaysia which expires in 2011 and 2061. It allows Singapore to draw up to 250 mgd from Johor River. To add on, Singapore have come out with three strategies: “Collect every drop of water, reuse water endlessly and desalinate seawater”. These are the 3 Recycle cycles (3R), which is affordable and efficient. Also, focusing on local catchment and NEWater, the pillar of Singapore’s water sustainability and Desalinated Water, where two more desalination plants will be ready in 2020 which supports the demand of water supply. In conclusion, 85% of the future demands will be met. Also, Singapore can be and independent country to supply water to Singaporeans.

 

Summary Reader Response:

In the article, “Singapore Water Story (2020) that was adapted from the Public Utilities Board’s (PUB) websites, PUB reports that there is a demand for water continues to increase in tandem with population and economic growth. Which PUB add on that Singapore’s total water demand could almost double in coming future. With that, PUB have come out with plans like water infrastructure like desalination, NEWater plants and Imported Water plan. Also, in year 2006, PUB has launched the Active, Beautiful, Clean Waters (ABC Waters) Programme. In which, with this programme engaging in the community, enables Singaporeans to be aware and the needs of conserving of water resources and the demand needed in future. Hence, based on the plan and the approaches from PUB, it seems clear that Singapore will meet and overcome the demand of water by 2060.

 

Firstly, Imported Water where Singapore has two agreements with Malaysia which expires in 2011 and 2061. It allows Singapore to draw up to 250 mgd from Johor River. According to LCNA: Centre for Liveable Cities, Singapore, Singapore is one of the most water-stressed countries in the world. It is heavily dependent on rainfall due to the lack of natural water resources. To add on, according by Sumisha Naidu from Channel News Asia (CNA) quoted from theDeputy Prime Minister, Mr Teo Chee Hean said “that Singapore must be psychologically prepared to face water shortages if its reservoirs dry up and when the second water agreement with Malaysia ends in 2061”. Hence, with the population increasing in coming future, that is why Singapore and PUB have come out with the Imported Water plan, so that it also helps with Singapore with the lack of water resources by importing water in.

 

Secondly, besides the Imported Water plan, Singapore have implemented the water infrastructure like desalination and NEWater plants. As PUB, is maximising the good use of the available resources, PUB also turned the seawater into drinking water by using the advanced membrane technology. As according to PUB from PUB website under “The 4^th National tap”, they stated that “PUB will continue to invest in research and technology to find more efficient ways to desalinate water”. To add on, there will be a total of 5 desalination plants which they are: SingSpring, Tuas South and Tuas Desalination Plant and the upcoming, Marina East and Jurong Island Desalination Plant. Hence, that is where NEWater plants and project started. Using the reverse osmosis for the desalination, which allows the water to be reuse and drinkable. Overall, this method has made Singapore to be resilient so that to keep up with the demand for water resources in coming future and quoted from Mr Ng from The Straits Times stated, “it will strengthen Singapore’s water security”. Which it will be no worries for Singapore to have shortage of water demand.

 

Lastly, with PUB engaging with the community, it is good approachable as it encourages the community to create awareness of the water demand in Singapore. Also, for the community to be responsible of the efficient of water usage. Thus, PUB have created some recreational activities, according from PUB website under the engaging the community, offer a host of recreational options for people to enjoy also, organising the water related activities, are welcome as Friends of Water. Hence, is a good plan where this allows the community to have the feel of how important water is with the community experiencing itself. With that, the community will better understand.

In conclusion, the strategies that PUB came up with to conserve water supply to increase and meet the water demand. Also, to raise awareness to the community realize that the community have a part of role to play in. In which, this is a kind of teamwork between the community and the government to aim one goals together, to be independent and having sufficient water supply on its own.

 

Reference List:

PUB WEBSITE (23 November 2020). Overview ABC Water

Retrieved 19 February 2021 from https://www.pub.gov.sg/abcwaters/about

NLB (12 February 2020). Retrieved 19 February 2021 from https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_2020-02-20_192848.html

Sumisha Naidu (25 June 2018) Exclusive: Price of water sold to Singapore 'ridiculous'; Malaysia to renegotiate deal, says Mahathir. Retrieved 19 February 2021 from https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/mahathir-water-singapore-malaysia-price-ridiculous-10466780

 

Singapore’s National Water Agency (16 November 2020). Retrieved 20 February 2021 from https://www.pub.gov.sg/watersupply/fournationaltaps/desalinatedwater

Audrey Tan and Ng Keng Gene (5 February 2021) The Straits Times. Retrieved 20 February 2021 from https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/singapores-fourth-desalination-plant-officially-opens-can-treat-both-sea-and-reservoir

 

 

 

 

 

Summary Reader Response Draft 2

 

In the article, “Singapore Water Story (2020) that was adapted from the Public Utilities Board’s (PUB) websites, PUB reports that there is a demand for water continues to increase in tandem with population and economic growth. Which PUB add on that Singapore’s total water demand could almost double in coming future and it has also included the strategies and actions that is needed to be done to meet the water demand. In addition, Singapore is internationally being recognised as a model city for water management and emerging a Global Hydrohub, where Singapore have come out with ways and ideas.

Water from Local Catchment, Imported Water, NEWater, and Desalinated Water, these are the ways where Singapore are doing to meet the huge demand. Water from Local Catchment, where there is two separate collection system. Where one of it is collection of rainwater, collection from drains, canals and rivers and it channelled to the reservoirs before it is treated for drinking water. Another is collection of used water from underground sewers that lead to a water reclamation plant. Thus, in result, with this idea of Water from Local Catchment, Singapore has a total of 17 reservoirs in total here. In which is a good plan for Singapore as it is efficient and affordable. Also, we can say that is a 3 Recycle process (3R), reduce, reuse, and recycle. In addition, two-thirds of Singapore’s surface area is classified as protected drainage basins, with regulated land use which facilitates the collection of rainwater However, the downfall is that, to use this idea, we are depending on the rainfall of the country which so far, there is no negative impact on the rainfall in Singapore.

Imported Water, Singapore has an agreement with the Johor State Government. These agreements which expires in 2011 and 2061 which allows Singapore to draw up to 250 mgd. Where Singapore brings in, and treatment the water, which allows people to drink and uses for daily life. It can be said as one of the taps with an expiry dates which it gives an addition to the water supply to Singapore.

NEWater and Desalinated water, where NEWater is a name given by PUB to highly treated reclaimed wastewater and is an treatment technologies where process of microfiltration and reverse osmosis membranes, and ultraviolet irradiation. This water is for daily usage and drinking water supply reservoirs where it is withdrawn and treated again in conventional water treatment plants before being distributed to consumers. Desalinated Water come along, is where the NEWater process come from. There are three desalination plants, SingSpring Desainatiom Plant, Tuas South Desalination Plant and Tuas Desalination Plant, with a combined capacity of 130 mgd that can meet up to 30% of Singapore’s current water demand. With, two more desalination plants will be ready by 2020 which expected to meet up to 30% of Singapore’s future water needs by 2060.

Thus, with all the strategies that Singapore have taken and planned, in conclusion I believed that Singapore is ready and meet the water demand in future. Perhaps, these strategies also help Singapore to have a backup plan which let just say that in future the Singapore is impact with tragedy and Singapore being an independence country. Which made the people to be less worry about the water supply here in Singapore.

 

 

 

References

https://www.pub.gov.sg/watersupply/fournationaltaps/localcatchmentwater

https://wwf.panda.org/?204587/Singapore

https://iwa-network.org/city/singapore/

https://www.pub.gov.sg/watersupply/fournationaltaps/desalinatedwater

https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/commentary/singapore-water-story-underscores-the-value-of-preparedness-10474114

Summary Reader Response Draft 1

 

In the article, “Singapore Water Story (2020) that was adapted from the Public Utilities Board’s (PUB) websites, PUB reports that there is a demand for water continues to increase in tandem with population and economic growth. Which PUB add on that Singapore’s total water demand could almost double in coming future and it has also included the strategies and actions that is needed to be done to meet the water demand. In addition, Singapore is internationally being recognised as a model city for water management and emerging a Global Hydrohub, where Singapore have come out with ways and ideas.

Water from Local Catchment, Imported Water, NEWater, and Desalinated Water, these are the ways where Singapore are doing to meet the huge demand. Water from Local Catchment, where there is two separate collection system. Where one of it is collection of rainwater, collection from drains, canals and rivers and it channelled to the reservoirs before it is treated for drinking water. Another is collection of used water from underground sewers that lead to a water reclamation plant. Thus, in result, with this idea of Water from Local Catchment, Singapore has a total of 17 reservoirs in total here. In which is a good plan for Singapore as it is efficient and affordable. Also, we can say that is a 3 Recycle process (3R), reduce, reuse, and recycle. In addition, two-thirds of Singapore’s surface area is classified as protected drainage basins, with regulated land use which facilitates the collection of rainwater However, the downfall is that, to use this idea, we are depending on the rainfall of the country which so far, there is no negative impact on the rainfall in Singapore.

Imported Water, a plan where Singapore has an agreement with the Johor State Government. These agreements which expires in 2011 and 2061 which allows Singapore to draw up to 250 mgd. This is the water that Singapore brings it, and treatment the water, which allows people to drink and uses for daily life. It can be said as one of the taps with an expiry dates which it gives an addition to the water supply to Singapore.

NEWater and Desalinated water, we can treat this as a teamwork. Where, NEWater is a name given by PUB to highly treated reclaimed wastewater and is an treatment technologies where process of microfiltration and reverse osmosis membranes, and ultraviolet irradiation. This water is for daily usage and drinking water supply reservoirs where it is withdrawn and treated again in conventional water treatment plants before being distributed to consumers. Desalinated Water come along, is where the NEWater process come from. There are three desalination plants, SingSpring Desainatiom Plant, Tuas South Desalination Plant and Tuas Desalination Plant, with a combined capacity of 130 mgd that can meet up to 30% of Singapore’s current water demand. With, two more desalination plants will be ready by 2020 which expected to meet up to 30% of Singapore’s future water needs by 2060.

Thus, with all the strategies that Singapore have taken and planned, in conclusion I believed that Singapore is ready and meet the water demand in future. Perhaps, these strategies also help Singapore to have a backup plan which let just say that in future the Singapore is impact with tragedy and Singapore being an independence country. Which made the people to be less worry about the water supply here in Singapore.

Summary Draft 3

 

Article: PUB Singapore's Water Story

 

“Singapore Water Story” (2020) from the Public Utilities Board’s (PUB) websites, PUB reports that there is a huge demand of water supply in Singapore. PUB explained that there were 430 million gallons a day, and by 2060, water demand in Singapore could almost double. Hence, water infrastructure like desalination, NEWater plants and Imported Water plan has planned out to meet the demands. Firstly, Imported Water where Singapore has two agreements with Malaysia which expires in 2011 and 2061. It allows Singapore to draw up to 250 mgd from Johor River. To add on, Singapore have come out with three strategies: “Collect every drop of water, reuse water endlessly and desalinate seawater”. These are the 3 Recycle cycles (3R), which is affordable and efficient. Also, focusing on local catchment and NEWater, the pillar of Singapore’s water sustainability and Desalinated Water, where two more desalination plants will be ready in 2020 which supports the demand of water supply. In conclusion, 85% of the future demands will be met. Also, Singapore can be and independent country to supply water to Singaporeans.

Summary Draft 2

 

Article: PUB Singapore's Water Story

 

In the article, “Singapore Water Story” (2020) from the Public Utilities Board’s (PUB) websites, is states that there is a need of water supply demand used in Singapore. PUB explains by 2060, water demand in Singapore could be almost double. Hence, Singapore have plan out some ideas to it.

Firstly, the Imported Water where Singapore have set two agreement of buying water from Malaysia which expires in 2011 and 2061. To add on, Singapore have come out with three strategies: “Collect every drop of water, reuse water endlessly and desalinate seawater”. These are the 3R cycle, which it is affordable and efficient. Also, focusing on local catchment and NEWater, the pillar of Singapore’s water sustainability and Desalinated Water, where two more desalination plants will be ready in 2020 will support the demand of water supply.

In conclusion, with this strategy, it will meet the water demand for Singapore in future and being independent resources as a country to have own water supply, which meet up to 85% of Singapore’s future water demand.

Summary Draft 1

 

Article: PUB Singapore's Water Story

 

In the article, Singapore Water Story (2020) from the Public Utilities Board (PUB) websites, is telling that there is a need of water supply demand used in Singapore. PUB explains that by 2060, water demand in Singapore could be almost double.

Thus, to meet this requirement, Singapore have plan out some ideas to it. Besides the Imported Water, the two agreement of buying water from Malaysia, Singapore have come out with three strategies: Collect every drop of water, Reuse water endlessly and Desalinate Seawater. These are the 3R cycle, which is affordable and efficient. In addition, with local catchment and NEWater, the pillar of Singapore’s water sustainability and Desalinated Water, where two more desalination plants will be ready in 2020.

In conclusion, with this strategy, it will meet the water demand for Singapore in future and being independent resources as a country to has own water supply, which meet up to 85% of Singapore’s future water demand.

Thank You for your kind attention 😊